Shen Qu Extract
Also known as: Shen Qu, Shenqu, Shenqu extract, Medicated Leaven, Fermented Herbal Starter
Overview
Shen Qu, also known as Medicated Leaven or Fermented Herbal Starter, is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) herbal preparation. It is not a single chemical entity but a complex mixture derived from the fermentation of various herbs and grains, primarily wheat. This fermentation process is crucial as it is believed to enhance the bioavailability and efficacy of its active compounds. Shen Qu is primarily used in TCM to aid digestion, improve appetite, and address metabolic conditions such as diabetes and its complications. It is also incorporated into herbal formulas targeting cognitive impairment, particularly mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Its effects are considered multi-targeted and systemic, influencing various biological pathways. While research on Shen Qu is ongoing, several clinical trials and meta-analyses support its traditional uses, though some studies have methodological limitations, including small sample sizes and heterogeneity of formulations.
Benefits
Shen Qu, primarily as a component of complex Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) formulas, demonstrates several evidence-based benefits. For cognitive function, a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 823 participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) showed that CHM including Shen Qu significantly improved Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores (mean difference [MD] 1.90; 95% CI 1.22 to 2.58) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores (MD 2.88; 95% CI 1.69 to 4.06) compared to placebo. This suggests a clinically meaningful improvement in cognitive abilities for elderly patients with MCI. In chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), a meta-analysis of 26 RCTs indicated that CHM containing Shen Qu reduced fatigue severity scale scores (WMD -1.77; 95% CI -1.96 to -1.57; p < 0.001), providing supportive evidence for its role in alleviating fatigue. Furthermore, Shen Qi series formulas, which include Shen Qu, have shown benefits in type 2 diabetes patients with macrovascular complications by reducing fasting and postprandial blood glucose, HbA1c, and inflammatory markers like CRP, while also improving lipid metabolism. These effects suggest potential in managing diabetic complications and improving overall metabolic health. Secondary benefits include anti-inflammatory effects and modulation of adiponectin and leptin levels. While promising, the evidence is often limited by high heterogeneity across studies and the fact that Shen Qu is typically studied as part of a multi-ingredient formula, making it challenging to isolate its specific effects.
How it works
Shen Qu exerts its therapeutic effects through multi-target mechanisms, primarily by modulating inflammatory pathways, improving glucose and lipid metabolism, and offering neuroprotective benefits. It interacts with various body systems, including the central nervous system to enhance cognitive function, the metabolic system to regulate glucose and lipid levels, and the vascular system to improve macroangiopathy. Key molecular targets identified include the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, epigenetic DNA methylation, and the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) pathway. It also plays a role in regulating adiponectin and leptin, hormones crucial for metabolism. The fermentation process involved in its preparation is believed to enhance the bioavailability of its numerous bioactive compounds, contributing to its systemic and multi-faceted actions.
Side effects
Shen Qu is generally considered safe when used within traditional dosage guidelines, with no major safety concerns reported in meta-analyses. Specific common side effects are not well-documented, but mild gastrointestinal discomfort is possible due to its fermented nature. Uncommon side effects, such as rare allergic reactions or intolerance, may occur in a small percentage of users. Serious adverse events are rare and have not been reported in high-quality clinical trials. However, caution is advised regarding potential drug interactions, particularly with antidiabetic medications and anticoagulants, due to Shen Qu's metabolic effects. There are no established contraindications, but due to a lack of specific data, it is recommended to use Shen Qu with caution during pregnancy and lactation, and in individuals with severe liver or kidney impairment. Elderly patients and those with chronic diseases should use Shen Qu under medical supervision to ensure safety and monitor for any adverse reactions.
Dosage
The optimal dosage for Shen Qu is not standardized and varies significantly depending on the specific formulation, the clinical indication, and whether it is used as a single ingredient or, more commonly, as part of a compound herbal formula. In clinical trials, Shen Qu is typically administered as part of complex formulas, with doses consistent with traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions. However, exact amounts of Shen Qu within these formulas can vary. A maximum safe dose has not been established, but no toxicity has been reported at traditional usage levels. Shen Qu is usually taken orally, often with meals, which may aid digestion and improve tolerance. It is available in various forms, including powder, extract, or as an ingredient in compound formulas. The fermentation process is critical for its activity, as it is believed to enhance the bioavailability of its active compounds. Co-administration with food may also improve absorption and reduce potential gastrointestinal discomfort.
FAQs
Is Shen Qu extract safe for long-term use?
Current evidence suggests Shen Qu is generally safe at traditional doses. However, comprehensive, high-quality studies specifically on its long-term safety are limited, so caution and medical supervision are advised for extended use.
Can Shen Qu extract be used alone or only in formulas?
Shen Qu is predominantly studied and traditionally used as a component within complex Chinese herbal medicine formulas. Its isolated use is less documented, and its efficacy may be enhanced by synergistic effects with other herbs.
How soon can benefits be expected from Shen Qu extract?
Clinical trials typically observe cognitive and metabolic improvements after several weeks to months of consistent use. The exact time frame can vary depending on the individual, the condition being treated, and the specific formulation.
Does fermentation affect the efficacy of Shen Qu?
Yes, fermentation is considered a crucial step in the preparation of Shen Qu. It is believed to enhance the bioavailability of its bioactive compounds, thereby improving its therapeutic efficacy and potentially reducing side effects.
Research Sources
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1341074/full – This systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 RCTs (823 participants) found that Chinese herbal medicines, including Shen Qu, significantly improved MMSE and MoCA scores in patients with mild cognitive impairment compared to placebo. Despite high heterogeneity, the findings suggest a beneficial effect on cognitive function.
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2022.958005/full – This meta-analysis of 26 RCTs demonstrated that Chinese herbal medicines, including Shen Qu, significantly reduced fatigue severity scale scores in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. The study supports the use of these herbal formulations for fatigue management, though high heterogeneity was noted.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9773579/ – This article describes an RCT protocol and systematic review for Shen Qi series formulas (containing Shen Qu) in type 2 diabetes with macroangiopathy. It highlights preliminary evidence suggesting these formulas can reduce glucose, inflammation, and improve vascular function, emphasizing the need for high-quality RCTs.
- https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7220121/ – This research discusses the potential of Shen Qi formulas in improving glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes patients. It suggests that these formulas, which include Shen Qu, may modulate adiponectin and leptin levels, contributing to their beneficial metabolic effects.
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/3245663 – This study provides further insights into the mechanisms of Shen Qi formulas, indicating their anti-inflammatory effects and potential to improve lipid profiles in diabetic populations. It supports the multi-targeted action of these complex herbal preparations.
Supplements Containing Shen Qu Extract
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