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Vitamin K1

Also known as: Vitamin K1, Phylloquinone, Phytonadione

Overview

Vitamin K1, also known as phylloquinone, is a fat-soluble vitamin crucial for blood clotting and bone health. It is naturally abundant in leafy green vegetables such as spinach and kale. Primarily, it is used to prevent and treat vitamin K deficiency, which can lead to bleeding disorders. Emerging research also explores its potential in reducing vascular calcification, a condition where calcium deposits accumulate in blood vessels. Vitamin K1 functions as a coenzyme, facilitating the carboxylation of proteins essential for blood coagulation and bone metabolism. While research is extensive regarding its role in blood clotting and bone health, its impact on vascular calcification and cardiovascular health is still under investigation. It is absorbed in the small intestine with the help of bile salts, and its bioavailability is enhanced when consumed with dietary fats. Vitamin K1 is generally considered safe, with rare adverse effects reported.

Benefits

Vitamin K1 supplementation has been shown to improve vitamin K levels and reduce desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-uc-MGP), a biomarker for vascular calcification. Studies indicate a significant reduction in dp-uc-MGP levels with vitamin K1 supplementation compared to vitamin K2. Some research suggests potential benefits on insulin sensitivity and C-reactive protein levels, although these effects are not consistently significant across all studies. In dialysis patients, vitamin K1 shows promise in managing vascular calcification but lacks significant impact on mortality or calcification scores. More research is needed to fully understand its effects on cardiovascular health.

How it works

Vitamin K1 acts as a coenzyme for vitamin K-dependent carboxylase, an enzyme essential for the synthesis of proteins involved in blood clotting and bone metabolism. It interacts primarily with the circulatory and skeletal systems by facilitating the carboxylation of proteins like prothrombin and osteocalcin. Vitamin K1 also targets vitamin K-dependent proteins such as matrix Gla protein (MGP), which inhibits vascular calcification. The vitamin is absorbed in the small intestine with the help of bile salts, and its bioavailability can vary based on dietary fat intake. This carboxylation process enables these proteins to bind calcium, which is critical for their respective functions in coagulation and bone health.

Side effects

Vitamin K1 is generally considered safe, with rare adverse effects reported. Common side effects are not typically observed. Uncommon side effects may include allergic reactions or gastrointestinal disturbances in some individuals. Severe allergic reactions are rare. Vitamin K1 may interact with anticoagulant medications like warfarin, potentially reducing their effectiveness. It is generally not recommended for individuals with severe liver disease or those taking certain anticoagulants without medical supervision. Newborns often receive vitamin K1 prophylactically to prevent hemorrhagic disease. Individuals on anticoagulants should consult their healthcare provider before taking vitamin K1 supplements.

Dosage

The adequate intake (AI) for adults is about 90 mcg/day for women and 120 mcg/day for men. For therapeutic purposes, doses can range from 1 to 5 mg/day, though this should be guided by a healthcare provider. There is no established upper limit for vitamin K1, but high doses should be used cautiously. It is best absorbed with fat-containing meals. Vitamin K1 is available as phylloquinone or phytonadione. Absorption is enhanced by dietary fats. While no specific cofactors are required, fat intake aids absorption. Individuals on anticoagulant medications should have their dosage carefully monitored by a healthcare professional.

FAQs

Is vitamin K1 safe to take with anticoagulant medications?

Vitamin K1 can interact with anticoagulants like warfarin, potentially reducing their effectiveness. Consult your healthcare provider for guidance.

What is the best time to take vitamin K1 for optimal absorption?

Vitamin K1 is best absorbed when taken with meals containing fat. This enhances its bioavailability and ensures better utilization by the body.

What are the expected benefits of taking vitamin K1?

Vitamin K1 primarily improves blood clotting and may offer benefits in reducing biomarkers associated with vascular calcification. Consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice.

Is vitamin K1 the same as vitamin K2?

No, vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 have different effects and applications. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is mainly involved in blood clotting, while vitamin K2 (menaquinone) has a greater role in bone health and calcium regulation.