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agnuside

Also known as: Agnuside, Chasteberry extract constituent

Overview

Agnuside is a bioactive iridoid glycoside compound primarily found in *Vitex agnus-castus*, commonly known as chaste tree or chasteberry. It is considered one of the active phytochemical constituents responsible for the hormonal regulatory effects of *Vitex agnus-castus* extracts, which are widely used in herbal supplements for women's health. Agnuside is primarily studied for its potential role in alleviating symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), hyperprolactinemia, and mastalgia. While *Vitex agnus-castus* extracts have been the subject of numerous randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, research specifically on isolated agnuside is less common. The evidence base for *Vitex agnus-castus* is moderate, with many studies showing positive effects, though often limited by heterogeneity and potential biases.

Benefits

Agnuside, as a key component of *Vitex agnus-castus* extracts, has shown significant benefits in managing various gynecological conditions. Meta-analyses indicate large pooled effects in reducing total PMS symptoms, with a Hedges g of -1.21 (95% CI -1.53 to -0.88) compared to placebo, suggesting strong symptom reduction. This includes improvements in both physical and psychological PMS symptoms. Some studies suggest comparable efficacy to SSRIs like fluoxetine for PMDD, though SSRIs may offer superior relief for psychological symptoms. Additionally, *Vitex agnus-castus* extracts standardized to agnuside content can reduce hyperprolactinemia and mastalgia by modulating hormonal balance. These benefits are particularly relevant for women experiencing moderate to severe PMS or PMDD. While large effect sizes are reported, the clinical significance is somewhat tempered by concerns regarding study quality and heterogeneity. Benefits typically become noticeable after approximately two months of consistent treatment.

How it works

Agnuside, along with other constituents of *Vitex agnus-castus*, exerts its effects by modulating endocrine function, primarily through interactions with the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Its key mechanism involves influencing dopamine receptors, which leads to a decrease in prolactin secretion. This reduction in prolactin levels is crucial for alleviating symptoms associated with hyperprolactinemia, a condition often linked to PMS and menstrual irregularities. The hormonal modulation is dose-dependent; lower doses may paradoxically increase prolactin and progesterone, while higher doses effectively reduce prolactin. This intricate interaction helps to normalize menstrual cycle irregularities and mitigate the various symptoms of PMS by restoring a more balanced hormonal environment.

Side effects

Agnuside, when consumed as part of standardized *Vitex agnus-castus* extracts, is generally well-tolerated and possesses a favorable safety profile. Adverse effects are rare and typically mild, primarily involving gastrointestinal discomfort such as nausea or stomach upset, and occasionally mild allergic reactions like skin rash or itching. There are no significant drug interactions widely reported, but caution is advised for individuals taking dopamine agonists or antagonists due to the hormonal modulatory effects of agnuside. Contraindications include pregnancy and lactation, as there is insufficient safety data regarding its hormonal impact on these populations. It is generally recommended to avoid use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Similarly, data on its safety in children is limited, and its use in this demographic is generally not advised. Individuals with hormone-sensitive conditions, such as breast cancer, should consult a healthcare professional before use.

Dosage

For effective management of PMS symptoms, extracts standardized to agnuside content are typically recommended. A minimum effective dose involves extracts providing approximately 4 mg/day of agnuside. The optimal dosage range for *Vitex agnus-castus* dry extract is generally between 20–40 mg/day, although some studies have utilized higher doses up to 1800 mg/day depending on the specific preparation and the condition being treated. Consistent daily dosing is crucial, and benefits are typically observed after at least two menstrual cycles, or approximately two months of continuous use. Agnuside is available in various forms, including dried fruit, liquid extracts, tablets, capsules, and tinctures, with standardized extracts being preferred to ensure consistent agnuside content and bioavailability. It is important to adhere to product-specific instructions and consult a healthcare professional for personalized dosage recommendations.

FAQs

Is agnuside safe?

Yes, when consumed as part of standardized *Vitex agnus-castus* extracts, it is generally safe with minimal side effects, primarily mild gastrointestinal discomfort.

How long until effects are seen?

Benefits typically become noticeable after approximately two months of consistent daily use, corresponding to about two menstrual cycles.

Can it replace SSRIs?

It may be effective for some PMS symptoms, but SSRIs may offer superior relief for psychological symptoms in PMDD. Consult a healthcare professional for treatment decisions.

Is it effective for all women?

Most evidence supports its use in women with moderate to severe PMS or PMDD. Individual responses can vary, and it may not be effective for everyone.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28237870/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis by Verkaik et al. (2017) analyzed 17 RCTs, with 14 included in the meta-analysis, to assess the efficacy of *Vitex agnus-castus* for PMS. It found a large pooled effect size (Hedges g = -1.21) for reducing PMS symptoms, but noted high heterogeneity (I²=91%) and potential publication bias among the included studies. The study concluded that while *Vitex agnus-castus* shows promise, the quality of evidence is limited by the risk of bias in individual studies.
https://womensmentalhealth.org/posts/chasteberry-for-pms-and-pmdd/ – This article from womensmentalhealth.org discusses the use of chasteberry for PMS and PMDD. It references studies like Atmaca et al. (2002), which compared *Vitex agnus-castus* to fluoxetine for PMDD, finding similar response rates. It highlights that while *Vitex* can be effective for some PMS symptoms, SSRIs might be superior for psychological symptoms in PMDD, suggesting a nuanced role for chasteberry in treatment.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5308513/ – This source, likely referencing Ciotta et al. (2011), discusses the comparative efficacy of *Vitex agnus-castus* and fluoxetine for PMS. It indicates that while *Vitex* improved physical symptoms, fluoxetine was superior for psychological symptoms. The study involved 57 women over two months and contributes to the understanding of *Vitex*'s specific benefits versus conventional treatments.
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1269781/full – This review from Frontiers in Endocrinology (2023) provides a comprehensive overview of the dose-dependent hormonal effects of *Vitex agnus-castus*. It highlights that extracts standardized to 4 mg/day of agnuside are effective for PMS, primarily through modulating prolactin levels. The review synthesizes existing knowledge on the mechanisms of action, emphasizing the role of dopamine receptor modulation in its therapeutic effects.