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Apple Skin Extract

Also known as: Apple skin extract, Apple peel extract, Malus domestica extract, Malus domestica (Apple Skin Extract)

Overview

Apple skin extract is derived from the peel of apples (Malus domestica), a rich source of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids (including quercetin), anthocyanins, and dietary fiber. It is primarily used as a dietary supplement to support metabolic health, including lipid and glucose metabolism, blood pressure regulation, and endothelial function. The extract contains higher concentrations of beneficial compounds compared to the apple flesh. Research on apple skin extract is ongoing, with a combination of in vitro, animal, and limited human clinical trials. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses on apple-derived products provide broader context, though fewer studies focus exclusively on apple peel extract. Apple pomace, the residue including the peel, is also used for food fortification, contributing dietary fiber and antioxidants.

Benefits

Apple skin extract shows potential benefits for several health areas, though human evidence is still emerging. In vitro and animal studies suggest improvements in lipid profiles and glucose levels, as well as positive effects on blood pressure mediators. A human RCT (n=33) showed improved flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery, indicating enhanced endothelial function. A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs on apples and apple-derived products found beneficial effects on metabolic and cardiovascular risk markers, though effects varied by product type and population. Apple pomace, including the peel, can be used to fortify foods, contributing dietary fiber and antioxidants, potentially enhancing nutritional profiles.

How it works

Apple peel extract contains polyphenols like quercetin and anthocyanins, which act as antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. These compounds may inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), contributing to blood pressure regulation. The dietary fiber content can modulate glucose absorption and lipid metabolism. The antioxidant activity may improve endothelial function by reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. These mechanisms collectively contribute to the observed metabolic and cardiovascular benefits.

Side effects

Apple peel extract is generally considered safe, with minimal adverse effects reported in human studies. Allergic reactions are possible but rare. No major drug interactions or contraindications have been documented in the reviewed literature. However, long-term safety data are limited due to the scarcity of extended human trials. Individuals with apple allergies should avoid apple skin extract. As with any supplement, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare provider before starting supplementation, especially for individuals with pre-existing health conditions or those taking medications.

Dosage

Human studies have used doses around 30-40 g of apple peel or equivalent extract. Optimal dosing is not well established; supplementation typically involves consuming apple peel as part of whole fruit intake or as standardized extracts. Bioavailability of polyphenols can be influenced by the extraction method and formulation. Due to limited research, a definitive upper limit for apple skin extract has not been established. It is recommended to start with lower doses and gradually increase as tolerated, while monitoring for any adverse effects.

FAQs

Is apple skin extract effective for lowering cholesterol or blood sugar?

Animal and in vitro studies suggest potential benefits, but human evidence is limited and inconclusive for these outcomes. More research is needed to confirm these effects in humans.

Can apple peel extract improve blood pressure?

Some mechanistic evidence supports ACE inhibition, but clinical effects on blood pressure in humans are not well established. Current evidence is insufficient to recommend it for blood pressure management.

Are there side effects?

Apple skin extract is generally safe with minimal side effects reported. Allergic reactions are possible but rare. Consult a healthcare provider if you experience any adverse effects.

Is it better to consume whole apples or extracts?

Whole apples provide fiber and a complex matrix of bioactives; extracts may concentrate specific compounds but lack fiber. A balanced approach, including both, may be optimal.

Research Sources

https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10056680/ – This narrative review examined the effects of apple peel on metabolic health, citing one human study (n=33) that showed improved endothelial function with apple peel consumption, but no significant changes in lipid or glucose markers. Animal and in vitro data suggested improvements in lipid/glucose metabolism and blood pressure mediators. The review highlights the potential benefits of apple peel but notes the need for more human data.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9016272/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs on apples and apple-derived products found beneficial effects on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors. However, the effects varied depending on the product form and the baseline health status of the participants. The study underscores the potential of apple products for improving metabolic health, but also highlights the heterogeneity in research findings.
https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1750-3841.15449 – This systematic review focused on apple pomace, which includes the peel, as a source of dietary fiber and antioxidants for food enrichment. It concludes that apple pomace is a viable option for enhancing the nutritional quality of foods. The review provides insights into the potential applications of apple by-products in the food industry.
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/16/19/3307 – This study investigates the potential health benefits of apple peel polyphenols, focusing on their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It highlights the role of these compounds in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, which are key factors in various chronic diseases. The research provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms through which apple peel polyphenols exert their beneficial effects.
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/13/3/307 – This review explores the impact of apple consumption on gut microbiota composition and its subsequent effects on human health. It discusses how apple-derived compounds can modulate the gut microbiome, leading to improved digestive health and overall well-being. The review emphasizes the importance of the gut-apple connection in promoting health.