Boswellia Serrata Gum Extract
Also known as: Boswellia serrata, Frankincense, Indian frankincense, Salai guggul
Overview
Boswellia serrata, also known as frankincense or Indian frankincense, is a tree native to India and the Middle East. Its gum resin has been used traditionally in Ayurvedic medicine for its therapeutic properties. The extract contains bioactive compounds, primarily α and β boswellic acids, which are responsible for its anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects. It is commonly used to manage inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, bronchial asthma, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Research on Boswellia serrata is considered moderate to high, with several randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews supporting its benefits. The available evidence suggests positive effects for various conditions, making it a valuable supplement for managing inflammation and related symptoms.
Benefits
Boswellia serrata extract has shown significant benefits in managing osteoarthritis and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A Cochrane Database systematic review indicated that 100 mg of enriched Boswellia serrata extract reduced pain by an average of 17 points on a 0-100 point Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and improved physical function by 8 points on the WOMAC subscale after 90 days, compared to placebo. The number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) was 2 for pain reduction and 4 for improved physical function, indicating clinically significant benefits for osteoarthritis patients. A meta-analysis also found that boswellia supplementation significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels in patients with T2DM, with a standard mean difference (SMD) of -1.34 compared to the control group. Additionally, animal studies suggest that Boswellia serrata may prevent cognitive impairment and insulin resistance in diabetic rats by inhibiting GSK3β activity, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Systematic reviews also indicate its effectiveness in treating asthma and other inflammatory conditions.
How it works
Boswellia serrata's primary mechanism of action involves its bioactive compounds, α and β boswellic acids, which inhibit pro-inflammatory processes. These acids affect 5-lipooxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase, enzymes involved in the inflammatory cascade, and also modulate the complement system. By inhibiting these pathways, Boswellia serrata reduces inflammation and oxidative stress, which are beneficial in conditions like osteoarthritis, asthma, and T2DM. Specifically, it targets GSK3β, 5-lipooxygenase, cyclo-oxygenase, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to its anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effects. The bioavailability of boswellic acids is generally good when administered orally, facilitating its absorption and effectiveness.
Side effects
Boswellia serrata is generally considered safe with minimal adverse effects reported in clinical trials. Common side effects are rare, with gastrointestinal issues such as nausea and diarrhea occasionally reported in a small percentage of users. No serious safety issues have been noted in the reviewed studies. Due to limited evidence, caution is advised when using Boswellia serrata with other anti-inflammatory medications. It is contraindicated in pregnancy and breastfeeding due to a lack of safety data in these populations. Patients with metabolic disorders or other chronic conditions should consult healthcare providers before using Boswellia serrata extract to ensure it does not interfere with their existing treatments or conditions.
Dosage
For osteoarthritis, a minimum effective dose of 100 mg per day of enriched Boswellia serrata extract has shown to be effective. Optimal dosage ranges for osteoarthritis are between 100-200 mg per day, while for T2DM, dosages of 500-1200 mg per day have been used in studies. There is no established maximum safe dose, but doses above 1200 mg per day have not been extensively studied. Consistent daily dosing is advised, without specific timing recommendations. Both powder and resin forms have been used, with resin being more common in clinical studies. Oral administration is standard, and bioavailability may vary depending on the formulation.
FAQs
Is Boswellia serrata safe to use?
Generally safe, but caution is advised for pregnant or breastfeeding women and those with chronic conditions. Consult a healthcare provider before use.
When and how should I take Boswellia serrata?
Consistent daily dosing is recommended. Follow the dosage guidelines for your specific condition, and take it orally with water.
What results can I expect from taking Boswellia serrata?
Significant improvements in pain and physical function for osteoarthritis, and potential improvements in glycemic control for T2DM can be expected with consistent use.
Is Boswellia serrata a cure for arthritis or diabetes?
No, it is not a cure for any condition but can be a useful adjunctive treatment to manage symptoms and improve overall well-being.
Research Sources
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/clinical-diabetes-and-healthcare/articles/10.3389/fcdhc.2024.1466408/full – This systematic review and meta-analysis, involving 287 patients with T2DM, found that boswellia supplementation significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels over a 6 to 12 week period. The study indicated a standard mean difference (SMD) of -1.34 (95% CI: -2.68 to 0.00; P = 0.049), suggesting a potential benefit in glycemic control, although high heterogeneity among studies was noted.
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332218360190 – This animal study investigated the effects of polyphenol-rich Boswellia serrata gum extract on diabetic rats. The study found that the extract reversed learning and memory impairment by inhibiting GSK3β activity, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. While promising, the results are limited by the fact that it is an animal study and may not directly translate to human outcomes.
- https://www.science.gov/topicpages/b/boswellia+serra – Science.gov provides access to U.S. Federal science information. While this URL is a general topic page, it points to various studies and research related to Boswellia serrata, highlighting its potential therapeutic applications and mechanisms of action. The information available through this portal can be used to further understand the benefits and safety profile of Boswellia serrata.
- https://www.bmj.com/content/337/bmj.a2813 – This BMJ article discusses oral herbal therapies for treating osteoarthritis. While it mentions Boswellia serrata, it is important to note that the Cochrane review (also cited) provides a more focused and detailed analysis of Boswellia's effects on osteoarthritis, including quantified outcomes and effect sizes.
- https://www.cochrane.org/CD002947/MUSKEL_oral-herbal-therapies-treating-osteoarthritis – This Cochrane review assessed the effectiveness of oral herbal therapies for osteoarthritis, including Boswellia serrata. The review found that 100 mg of enriched Boswellia serrata extract reduced pain by a mean of 17 points (95% CI: 8 to 26) on a 0-100 point VAS and improved physical function by 8 points (95% CI: 2 to 14) on the WOMAC subscale at 90 days compared to placebo, indicating clinically significant benefits.
