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Vitis Vinifera

Also known as: Grape, European grape, Grape seed extract, GSE, Vitis vinifera

Overview

Vitis vinifera, commonly known as the grapevine, is a plant species that produces grapes. Grape seed extract (GSE) is derived from the seeds of grapes and is rich in polyphenols, particularly flavonoids and phenolic acids. GSE is primarily used for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as its potential cardiovascular benefits. It contains high levels of polyphenolic compounds, which contribute to its antioxidant effects. Research on GSE is considered to be at a moderate level, with several systematic reviews and meta-analyses available. The quality of available evidence is generally good, featuring well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses, although some variability in outcomes exists. GSE is available in various forms, including capsules and tablets, and is often taken as a dietary supplement to support overall health and well-being.

Benefits

Grape seed extract (GSE) has several evidence-based benefits. It significantly reduces markers of oxidative stress, such as malondialdehyde and oxidized LDL cholesterol. Meta-analyses show that GSE may lower diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, suggesting potential cardiovascular benefits, although effects on systolic blood pressure and flow-mediated dilation are less consistent. Some studies also suggest improvements in cognitive domains like memory and visuospatial abilities. These benefits may be particularly relevant for individuals with or at risk of cardiovascular disease. The observed effects include significant reductions in oxidative stress markers and cardiovascular parameters, with benefits potentially observable within weeks to months of supplementation. However, effect sizes can vary across studies.

How it works

Grape seed extract (GSE) primarily works through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways. The polyphenols in GSE modulate the body's redox system, reducing lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress. These compounds interact with various cellular targets, including enzymes involved in oxidative stress and inflammation. GSE influences both the cardiovascular and nervous systems. While the bioavailability of GSE polyphenols can vary, some studies indicate moderate absorption. This allows the active compounds to exert their effects at a cellular level, contributing to the observed health benefits.

Side effects

Grape seed extract (GSE) is generally considered safe when used as directed. The most common side effects, occurring in more than 5% of users, are mild gastrointestinal symptoms. Uncommon side effects, affecting 1-5% of users, include allergic reactions, although these are rare. Drug interactions are a concern, particularly with blood thinners and medications for diabetes. GSE is contraindicated in pregnancy and breastfeeding due to limited safety data. Caution is advised for individuals with bleeding disorders or those taking anticoagulant medications. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider before starting GSE, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking other medications. While rare, potential interactions should be carefully considered to ensure safe usage.

Dosage

The minimum effective dose of grape seed extract (GSE) is typically around 100-200 mg per day. Optimal dosage ranges are generally between 200-400 mg per day for antioxidant effects. The maximum safe dose is not well-established, but doses above 400 mg per day are less commonly studied. There are no specific timing recommendations for GSE supplementation. Capsules or tablets are the most common forms. Bioavailability may be enhanced when taken with food. No specific cofactors are required for GSE to be effective. It is advisable to adhere to recommended dosage ranges and consult with a healthcare provider for personalized advice.

FAQs

Is GSE safe to take with other medications?

GSE is generally safe but should be used under medical supervision if combined with other medications, particularly blood thinners and diabetes medications, due to potential interactions.

What are the expected benefits of taking GSE?

GSE is known for its antioxidant and potential cardiovascular benefits, including reducing oxidative stress and lowering diastolic blood pressure and heart rate.

Are there any specific timing recommendations for taking GSE?

No specific timing is recommended for GSE supplementation. It can be taken at any time of day, and bioavailability may be enhanced when taken with food.

Is GSE a cure for cardiovascular diseases?

GSE is not a cure-all for cardiovascular diseases but may be a supportive supplement. It should be used as part of a comprehensive approach to heart health.

Who should avoid taking GSE?

Pregnant and breastfeeding women should avoid GSE due to limited safety data. Individuals with bleeding disorders or those taking anticoagulant medications should also exercise caution.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34798267/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) supplementation on oxidative stress and inflammation. The meta-analysis included 19 studies and found that GSE significantly reduced markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. The study highlights the potential of GSE as a dietary intervention to mitigate oxidative damage and inflammatory responses.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34107109/ – This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the impact of grape seed extract (GSE) on blood pressure and flow-mediated dilation. Analyzing 19 controlled trials, the study found that GSE may lower diastolic blood pressure and heart rate but has no significant effect on systolic blood pressure or flow-mediated dilation. The findings suggest that GSE could be beneficial for managing certain cardiovascular risk factors.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijcp.14469 – This clinical trial assessed the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on cognitive function. The study reported significant improvements in cognitive domains such as memory and visuospatial abilities. These findings suggest that GSE may have potential benefits for cognitive enhancement, although further research is needed to confirm these effects.
https://olivinolife.com/pages/the-science-grape-seed – This resource provides an overview of the scientific research supporting the benefits of grape seed extract. It highlights the antioxidant properties of GSE and its potential role in promoting cardiovascular health. The information presented suggests that GSE can be a valuable addition to a healthy lifestyle.
https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/18/2999 – This study explores the various health benefits of grape seed extract, focusing on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It discusses the potential of GSE in preventing and managing chronic diseases. The research suggests that GSE can play a significant role in promoting overall health and well-being.