Get Your Personalized Supplement StackSupplement Stack Quiz

Dpa

Also known as: Docosapentaenoic acid, DPA

Overview

Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is an omega-3 fatty acid, part of the same family as EPA and DHA, found in fish, seafood, algae, and krill oil. While less researched than EPA and DHA, DPA is included in omega-3 supplements for its potential cardiovascular and anti-inflammatory benefits. It is a polyunsaturated fatty acid with 22 carbon atoms and five double bonds. Research on DPA is often derived from broader studies on omega-3 fatty acids, with fewer studies isolating DPA's specific effects. Omega-3 fatty acids, including DPA, are believed to reduce cardiovascular events and possess anti-inflammatory properties. The evidence supporting DPA's benefits is generally derived from studies on omega-3 fatty acids as a whole.

Benefits

DPA, as part of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, has demonstrated benefits for cardiovascular health. Studies indicate a 5% reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) with omega-3 fatty acid supplementation (RR, 0.95 [0.92–0.98]; p = 0.002). Significant reductions have been observed in cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and coronary heart disease events, with relative reductions ranging from 9% to 25%. DPA is also believed to have anti-inflammatory properties, similar to EPA and DHA, though specific research is limited. These benefits are particularly noted in individuals with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) or those at high risk for ASCVD. The benefits of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation, including DPA, typically manifest over long-term use, often requiring several months to a year or more to achieve significant cardiovascular risk reduction.

How it works

DPA, like other omega-3 fatty acids, exerts its effects through several biological pathways. It reduces the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, improves endothelial function, reduces triglyceride levels, and has anti-arrhythmic effects. DPA interacts with the cardiovascular system, immune system, and lipid metabolism pathways. On a molecular level, DPA and other omega-3 fatty acids inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and modulate nuclear receptors such as PPAR-γ. The absorption and bioavailability of DPA are generally good when consumed as part of an omega-3 supplement, especially in the form of ethyl esters or triglycerides.

Side effects

Omega-3 fatty acids, including DPA, are generally considered safe for most individuals. Common side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms such as fishy aftertaste, nausea, and diarrhea. Uncommon side effects include bleeding risks, particularly at high doses or when combined with anticoagulant medications. Rare side effects include allergic reactions. DPA can interact with anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, and other medications that affect bleeding risk. Individuals with severe bleeding disorders or those undergoing surgery should consult their healthcare provider before using omega-3 supplements. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should also consult their healthcare provider due to limited data on high doses of omega-3 fatty acids in these populations.

Dosage

The minimum effective dose for cardiovascular benefits is generally considered to be around 1 gram of combined EPA and DHA per day, though specific dosing for DPA alone is less clear. For cardiovascular health, doses ranging from 1 to 4 grams per day of combined EPA and DHA are commonly used. The maximum safe dose is not well-defined, but doses above 3 grams per day may increase the risk of bleeding. Consistent daily intake is advised, and ethyl ester or triglyceride forms are generally recommended for better absorption. Absorption can be enhanced when taken with a meal containing fat. Adequate vitamin E intake is recommended to prevent oxidation of omega-3 fatty acids.

FAQs

How long does it take to see benefits?

Benefits from DPA, as part of omega-3 supplementation, typically manifest over several months to a year or more with consistent use.

Are there any interactions with medications?

Yes, DPA can interact with anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, increasing the risk of bleeding. Consult your healthcare provider.

Can I take it during pregnancy or breastfeeding?

Consult your healthcare provider before taking DPA supplements during pregnancy or breastfeeding due to limited data.

What are the common side effects?

Common side effects of DPA, as part of omega-3 supplementation, include gastrointestinal symptoms such as fishy aftertaste and nausea.

Is DPA as effective as EPA and DHA?

While DPA is part of the omega-3 family, its specific effects are less well-studied compared to EPA and DHA. More research is needed.

Research Sources

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/eclinm/article/PIIS2589-5370(21)00277-7/fulltext – This systematic review and meta-analysis, involving over 100,000 participants, found that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduced the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events by 5%. The study also noted significant reductions in cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and coronary heart disease events, highlighting the potential benefits of omega-3 fatty acids for cardiovascular health.
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2670752 – This study focused on the association between omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and cardiovascular disease. The key finding was that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduced the risk of fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease and major vascular events. The study acknowledged conflicting results across trials but overall supported the cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acids.
https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article/60/4/1620/6082796?login=false – This article discusses the role of systematic reviews and meta-analysis in research. It highlights the importance of these methods for synthesizing evidence from multiple studies to provide a comprehensive understanding of a research question. The article emphasizes the need for rigorous methodology and transparent reporting in systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
https://www.dovepress.com/overview-of-systematic-reviews-with-meta-analysis-based-on-randomized--peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-IJGM – This article provides an overview of systematic reviews with meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. It discusses the methodology and importance of these reviews in synthesizing evidence from multiple studies. The article emphasizes the need for rigorous methodology and transparent reporting in systematic reviews and meta-analyses.