Gingko Extract
Also known as: Maidenhair Tree, Ginkgo Extract, Ginkgo biloba
Overview
Ginkgo biloba is an ancient tree species indigenous to China, renowned for its unique fan-shaped leaves from which the extract is derived. Ginkgo extract is rich in flavonoids, terpenoids, and bilobalide and is utilized primarily to enhance cognitive function and memory, and to treat conditions such as dementia, anxiety, and depression. It also appears to offer cardiovascular benefits due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and vasodilatory properties. Despite extensive research on ginkgo biloba, evidence quality is mixed; while some studies show substantial benefits in cognitive enhancement, others present inconclusive or methodologically limited findings.
Benefits
Ginkgo biloba extract shows several evidence-based benefits primarily related to cognitive function and memory. A systematic review in the *Journal of Alzheimer's Disease* indicated a significant improvement in cognitive scores among dementia patients (mean difference: 1.03 points, 95% CI: 0.45 to 1.61). Another randomized controlled trial revealed an effect size of 0.35 in memory performance among healthy older adults (95% CI: 0.05 to 0.65). Additionally, some studies suggest potential anxiolytic and antidepressant effects, although with less strength of evidence. The extract may also benefit older adults and patients with dementia; however, improvements tend to be modest, warranting cautious expectations in clinical applications.
How it works
The mechanism of action for ginkgo biloba extract involves multiple biological pathways. It exhibits antioxidant activity, which helps to mitigate oxidative stress. It also inhibits platelet-activating factor (PAF) and modulates neurotransmitter systems, enhancing the function of acetylcholine and dopamine. Ginkgo interacts with the cardiovascular system to improve blood flow and with the central nervous system to positively influence neurotransmitter dynamics, supporting cognitive processes.
Side effects
Ginkgo biloba is generally safe when taken at recommended dosages, but it has potential side effects. Common effects (occurring in >5% of users) include headache, dizziness, and gastrointestinal upset. Uncommon side effects (1-5%) can include allergic reactions and complications related to bleeding disorders due to its antiplatelet properties. Rarely (<1%), severe allergic reactions and seizures have been reported. Caution is advised in patients with bleeding disorders or those on anticoagulant medications. Pregnant or breastfeeding women should use it cautiously due to safety concerns related to insufficient data on its effects.
Dosage
The typical dosage range for ginkgo biloba extract is between 120-360 mg per day, with higher doses generally not providing significant additional benefits. The minimum effective dose is often cited at around 120-240 mg of standardized extract containing 24% flavone glycosides and 6% terpene lactones. Patients should take ginkgo consistently, and it can be taken at any time during the day; however, its absorption may be enhanced with fatty meals. The maximum recommended dose is considered to be 600 mg per day, though this high level has not been extensively studied for safety.
FAQs
Is ginkgo biloba safe?
While generally safe, ginkgo can increase bleeding risk when combined with anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents.
When should I take ginkgo biloba?
Consistent daily dosing is recommended for optimal effects, taken at any time of day.
How long until I see results with ginkgo biloba?
Improvements in cognitive function and memory may be observed within several weeks to months of consistent use.
Can ginkgo biloba cure dementia?
Ginkgo is not a cure for dementia or Alzheimer's disease but may provide symptomatic relief for some individuals.
Research Sources
- https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-111739 – This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy of ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in dementia patients, indicating significant cognitive function improvements with a mean difference of 1.03 points. Limitations included heterogeneity in study designs.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-002-1154-1 – A randomized controlled trial found ginkgo biloba to enhance memory performance in healthy older adults with an effect size of 0.35. The study noted limitations in duration and generalizability.
- https://doi.org/10.2174/187152910791292787 – This review discussed the cardiovascular effects of ginkgo biloba, finding potential vasodilatory capabilities that may improve blood flow, although the clinical importance remains unclear due to varying methodologies in the studies reviewed.
Supplements Containing Gingko Extract
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