Ginkgo Flavonglycosides
Also known as: Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree, Ginkgo leaf extract, Ginkgo flavonol glycosides, Ginkgo terpenoids, Ginkgo biloba
Overview
Ginkgo biloba is one of the oldest tree species, with leaves containing bioactive compounds, predominantly flavonoids and terpenoids such as ginkgolides and bilobalide. Extracts from these leaves are commonly utilized to improve cognitive function, particularly in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment, along with certain cardiovascular issues. A standard Ginkgo extract typically comprises 24% ginkgo-flavone glycosides and 6% terpenoids, recognized for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and platelet-activating factor antagonistic properties. The body of research, including randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, supports its potential benefits in cognitive health and some cardiovascular aspects, though the variability in evidence strength warrants cautious interpretation.
Benefits
Evidence suggests Ginkgo biloba enhances cognitive function, especially beneficial for Alzheimer's disease patients. A meta-analysis indicated that combining Ginkgo with donepezil yielded significant cognitive improvements (RR=1.23) observed over 3 to 9 months. Doses ranging from 120 to 240 mg daily show moderate cognitive benefits for AD patients. Although findings regarding blood metabolism in type 2 diabetes patients are mixed, some studies indicate improved lipid profiles. The supplement's effects are particularly relevant for older adults experiencing cognitive decline, necessitating further exploration in specific populations.
How it works
Ginkgo biloba extracts primarily function through their antioxidant properties and by scavenging free radicals. They inhibit platelet-activating factor (PAF) and exert anti-inflammatory effects, thereby providing neuroprotection, especially against beta-amyloid neurotoxicity. The active components, flavonoids and terpenoids, enhance cardiovascular and neurological system interactions, potentially increasing cerebral blood flow and promoting overall brain health.
Side effects
Ginkgo biloba is generally well-tolerated at recommended dosages, though adverse effects can occur. Common side effects (affecting over 5% of users) include gastrointestinal disturbances, headaches, and dizziness. Less frequently (1-5%), allergic reactions and skin rashes may be reported. Rarely (less than 1%), serious bleeding events can arise, especially when combined with anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications, necessitating caution. Significant drug interactions with NSAIDs, blood thinners, or certain antidepressants may elevate bleeding risks. Patients with bleeding disorders or diabetes should exercise caution, as Ginkgo may alter blood coagulation and glucose levels. Due to insufficient safety data, pregnant and breastfeeding women should consult healthcare providers before use.
Dosage
The recommended dosage of Ginkgo biloba extract for cognitive enhancement usually ranges from 120 mg to 240 mg daily. Regular daily dosing enhances therapeutic efficacy, with extracts standardized to 24% ginkgo-flavone glycosides and 6% terpenoids for optimal impact. While 240 mg is considered the upper safety limit, exceeding this dosage could lead to significant interactions with other drugs. The absorption of Ginkgo's active components may vary between extract forms, thus using standardized extracts ensures reliable bioavailability.
FAQs
Is Ginkgo biloba safe to take with other medications?
Ginkgo can interact with various medications, particularly anticoagulants and antidepressants. Always consult a healthcare provider before co-administering.
What are the risks of bleeding with Ginkgo biloba?
Ginkgo biloba can increase bleeding risk, especially if taken with other drugs affecting coagulation, such as NSAIDs or blood thinners.
How often should I take Ginkgo biloba?
For optimal effects, consistent daily dosing is recommended, typically within the range of 120 to 240 mg.
What cognitive improvements can I expect?
Patients may see moderate improvements in cognitive function over 3 to 9 months of treatment, especially if combined with donepezil for AD.
Is Ginkgo biloba effective for everyone?
Ginkgo biloba is not universally effective; its use should be guided by a healthcare provider, particularly in cognitive and metabolic conditions.