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Copper

Overview

Copper is an essential trace mineral that is used in a variety of processes in the body. The major function for copper is in catalyzing oxidation-reduction (REDOX) reactions important for the activity of a number of enzymes. Although copper is essential to health, most Western diets meet the recommended intake, making supplementation unnecessary in most healthy individuals. Cases where copper deficiency may occur include patients who have undergone gastric bypass as well as chronic users of proton pump inhibitors, both of which interfere with copper absorption. Also, high levels of zinc intake may increase production of a protein known as metallothionein that can bind copper and reduce its levels in the body. Although the REDOX chemistry catalyzed by copper is essential for a number of immune functions, copper also may play a role in Alzheimer's disease. Copper levels generally rise in the body with age, but seem to rise more sharply in those with Alzheimer's. Moreover, copper levels have been linked to Alzheimer's symptom severity, leading some to suggest that a lower copper intake may benefit the elderly.

Benefits

Copper functions primarily as a cofactor for various enzymes that are involved in oxidation-reduction reactions. These reactions are crucial for energy production, iron metabolism, and the formation of connective tissue. Copper also plays a role in the functioning of the immune system and the maintenance of nerve cells. Its involvement in these processes highlights its importance in overall health.

How it works

Copper is associated with several health benefits, including supporting cardiovascular health, enhancing immune function, and aiding in the formation of red blood cells. It also contributes to the maintenance of healthy bones and connective tissues. Additionally, copper has antioxidant properties that help protect cells from damage caused by free radicals.

Side effects

Supplementation of copper tends to be in the 1mg dosage, but at this moment in time there seems to be no major supplemental purpose of copper in any form. Doses of 1mg appear to be safe over the short term while higher doses should be avoided.

Dosage

Excess copper intake can lead to toxicity, which may result in symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Long-term exposure to high levels of copper can cause liver damage and neurological issues. Individuals with Wilson's disease, a genetic disorder that causes excessive copper accumulation in the body, should avoid copper supplements.

FAQs

What is copper used for in the body?

Copper is used in various processes in the body, including catalyzing oxidation-reduction reactions, supporting immune function, and aiding in the formation of red blood cells.

Is copper supplementation necessary?

Most Western diets meet the recommended intake of copper, making supplementation unnecessary in most healthy individuals.

What are the symptoms of copper deficiency?

Copper deficiency may occur in individuals who have undergone gastric bypass surgery or are chronic users of proton pump inhibitors.

What are the potential side effects of copper supplements?

Excess copper intake can lead to toxicity, resulting in symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.

Who should avoid copper supplements?

Individuals with Wilson's disease should avoid copper supplements due to the risk of excessive copper accumulation.