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Vitex Berry Extract

Also known as: Vitex agnus-castus, Chasteberry, Chaste Tree, Monk's Pepper

Overview

Vitex agnus-castus, commonly known as chasteberry, is a plant native to the Mediterranean region and parts of Asia. The fruit extract has been used traditionally for female reproductive disorders, particularly to alleviate symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), and latent hyperprolactinemia. The extract contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, iridoids, and diterpenes, which are believed to contribute to its therapeutic effects. Research on Vitex agnus-castus is moderate, with several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews available, though the quality of evidence varies. It is available in various forms, including capsules, tablets, and liquid extracts, typically containing standardized extracts to ensure consistent bioactive compound content. The plant's effects are thought to be mediated through dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways, influencing prolactin secretion and neurotransmitter balance.

Benefits

Vitex agnus-castus extracts have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing PMS symptoms. A meta-analysis indicated that women taking Vitex were 2.57 times more likely to experience symptom remission compared to placebo (95% CI 1.52-4.35). Multiple trials have shown Vitex to be superior to placebo in alleviating PMS symptoms, with significant improvements in both psychological and physical symptoms. While evidence is less consistent, Vitex has also shown benefits in treating PMDD, with some studies suggesting it may be equivalent to fluoxetine in efficacy. Additionally, it has been found effective in reducing symptoms of latent hyperprolactinemia, including normalizing a shortened luteal phase and reducing TRH-stimulated prolactin secretion. These benefits are primarily observed in women suffering from PMS, PMDD, and latent hyperprolactinemia, with improvements typically becoming apparent within a few menstrual cycles.

How it works

Vitex agnus-castus is believed to exert its effects through dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways, influencing prolactin secretion and neurotransmitter balance. It interacts with the endocrine system, particularly affecting prolactin levels and the menstrual cycle. The extract may also influence the central nervous system, affecting mood and psychological symptoms. Dopamine-D2 receptors are among the molecular targets, with some compounds showing strong affinity to these receptors. Additionally, Vitex possesses anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may contribute to its therapeutic effects. While the bioavailability of Vitex extracts is not extensively studied, the observed therapeutic effects suggest adequate absorption.

Side effects

Vitex agnus-castus is generally considered safe, with mild and infrequent adverse events reported. Common side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms, headaches, and dizziness. Uncommon side effects (1-5%) may include skin rashes, fatigue, and weight changes. Rare side effects are not well-documented, but individual reactions may vary. Potential drug interactions exist with dopamine antagonists and other medications affecting prolactin levels. It is contraindicated in pregnancy and breastfeeding due to the lack of sufficient safety data. Individuals with hormone-sensitive cancers or those taking hormone replacement therapy should consult a healthcare provider before use. Women with a history of breast cancer or other hormone-sensitive conditions should use with caution, and individuals with psychiatric conditions should be monitored for any changes in mood or behavior.

Dosage

The typical minimum effective dose of Vitex agnus-castus is 20-40 mg of a standardized extract per day, often standardized to contain specific compounds like casticin. The optimal dose is generally in the range of 20-40 mg per day, taken once daily. Some studies have used doses up to 60 mg per day, but the efficacy and safety at higher doses are less clear. The extract is usually taken once daily, and benefits are observed over several menstrual cycles. Standardized extracts are recommended to ensure consistent bioactive compound content, and capsules or tablets containing dried fruit extract are common forms. There are no specific cofactors required for the efficacy of Vitex agnus-castus extracts.

FAQs

How long does it take to see benefits?

Benefits typically become apparent within a few menstrual cycles of consistent use.

Can it be used during pregnancy or breastfeeding?

No, Vitex agnus-castus is contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to the lack of sufficient safety data.

What are the common side effects?

Common side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms, headaches, and dizziness. These are generally mild and infrequent.

Are there any interactions with other medications?

Potential interactions exist with dopamine antagonists and other medications affecting prolactin levels. Consult a healthcare provider.

When should it be taken?

It should be taken once daily, preferably at the same time each day, for several menstrual cycles to observe benefits.

Research Sources

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31780016/ – This meta-analysis of three studies (520 females) found that women taking Vitex agnus-castus were 2.57 times more likely to experience remission in their PMS symptoms compared to placebo. The study highlights the potential benefits of Vitex for managing PMS, but notes limitations such as the limited number of included studies and incomplete reporting in some cases.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23136064/ – This systematic review of 13 RCTs (over 1,000 women) found that Vitex agnus-castus extracts were superior to placebo in alleviating PMS symptoms and showed benefits in PMDD and latent hyperprolactinemia. The review suggests that Vitex can be an effective treatment option for these conditions, while acknowledging heterogeneity in study conditions and small sample sizes in some studies.
https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0032-1327831.pdf – This systematic review examined the efficacy of Vitex agnus-castus in treating female reproductive disorders. The review concluded that Vitex extracts were more effective than placebo in alleviating PMS symptoms and showed potential benefits in PMDD and latent hyperprolactinemia. The study highlights the need for further research to confirm these findings and to better understand the mechanisms of action.
https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/11/15/1944 – This review discusses the phytochemistry and biological properties of Vitex agnus-castus, highlighting the various bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, iridoids, and diterpenes that contribute to its therapeutic effects. The review provides detailed information on the chemical compounds and their biological activities, supporting the traditional use of Vitex for various health conditions.
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/15/11/1371 – This study investigates the potential of Vitex agnus-castus in managing menopausal symptoms. The research suggests that Vitex may offer some relief from certain menopausal discomforts, although further studies are needed to confirm these findings and to determine the optimal dosage and duration of treatment.